Exploration of milestone inscriptions in the EDCS dataset
Petra Hermankova
01/10/2020
This notebook explores all the milestones in the Epigraphic Database Clauss-Slaby (http://www.manfredclauss.de/, henceforth EDCS). The primary aim is to:
- find all inscriptions categorized as ‘milestones’
- provide basic descriptive statistics: how many there are, what categories of monuments we have, what materials they are made from, where do they come from etc.
- display all the milestones on the map along with the map of Roman provinces and Roman roads
The script takes the reader through all the steps of selection, descriptive statistics and through the various displays on the interactive map. Address all the questions and comments to petra.hermankova@cas.au.dk.
1 Initial setup
1.1 Setup of the environment:
devtools::install_github("sdam-au/sdam") # loading SDAM custom package, if not working try devtools::install_github("mplex/cEDCSar", subdir="pkg/sdam")## Error in get(genname, envir = envir) : object 'testthat_print' not found#devtools::install_github("mplex/cEDCSar", subdir="pkg/sdam")
library(tidyverse)
library(sdam)
library(jsonlite)
library(getPass)
library(formatR)
library(leaflet)1.2 Loading data
Load the dataset, if you have Sciencedata.dk credentials
resp2 = request("EDCS_text_cleaned_2021-03-01.json", path="/sharingin/648597@au.dk/SDAM_root/SDAM_data/EDCS/public", method="GET", cred=mycred_secret)OR of you don’t have Sciencedata credentials:
resp2 = request("EDCS_text_cleaned_2021-03-01.json", path="/public/1f5f56d09903fe259c0906add8b3a55e/", method="GET", anonymous = TRUE, cred = NULL)Make a list and tibble from the downloaded dataset
list_json2 <- jsonlite::fromJSON(resp2)
EDCS_tibble = as_tibble(list_json2)1.3 Exploring the data
Display the first six records of the dataset
head(EDCS_tibble)2 Finding all the milestones
What attributes (columns) might contain milestone related information? Let’s display all the the attribute names.
EDCS_tibble %>%
names()## [1] "EDCS-ID" "publication"
## [3] "province" "province_list"
## [5] "place" "place_list"
## [7] "end_yr_list" "notes_dating"
## [9] "status_list" "inscr_type"
## [11] "status_notation" "inscr_process"
## [13] "notes_references" "notes_comments"
## [15] "inscription" "inscription_stripped_final"
## [17] "clean_text_interpretive_word" "Links"
## [19] "language" "dating from"
## [21] "dating to" "start_yr"
## [23] "end_yr_1" "status"
## [25] "Latitude" "Longitude"
## [27] "photo" "Material"
## [29] "Comment"Based on the domain expertise and previous explorations of the dataset, any milestone related information is most likely contained in the following attributes: inscr_type and comment.
2.1 Milestone as type of inscription
unique(unlist(EDCS_tibble$inscr_type))## [1] "tituli honorarii" "tituli fabricationis"
## [3] "leges" "tituli sacri"
## [5] "miliaria" "carmina"
## [7] "tituli operum" "tituli sepulcrales"
## [9] "tituli possessionis" "inscriptiones christianae"
## [11] "defixiones" "senatus consulta"
## [13] "termini" "diplomata militaria"
## [15] "reges" "signacula"EDCS_insc_type<- unlist(EDCS_tibble$inscr_type)
EDCS_insc_type %>%
table() %>% as.data.frame -> EDCS_insc_type
EDCS_insc_type2.1.1 How many inscriptions are categorised as a milestone?
milestone_EDCS <- EDCS_tibble %>%
filter(inscr_type %in% str_subset(inscr_type, "miliaria"))## Warning in stri_subset_regex(string, pattern, omit_na = TRUE, negate = negate, :
## argument is not an atomic vector; coercingnrow(milestone_EDCS)## [1] 79872.2 Milestone in the Comment attribute
Free text commentary also contains infromation about milestones, however it is not structired in any way. Inspect the commentary for milestone related comments. Note: commentary is mostly written in German or English.
3 Descriptive overview
3.1 How many milestones total are in the EDCS dataset when we combine all the search criteria?
nrow(milestone_EDCS)## [1] 79873.2 How many % of the total number of EDCS inscriptions represent milestones
nrow(milestone_EDCS)/(nrow(EDCS_tibble)/100)## [1] 1.5954283.3 Type of inscription
What different types of inscriptions belong to the discussed group of milestones?
unique(milestone_EDCS$inscr_type)## [[1]]
## [1] "miliaria"
##
## [[2]]
## [1] "miliaria" "tituli sacri"
##
## [[3]]
## [1] "miliaria" "tituli operum" "tituli sacri"
##
## [[4]]
## [1] "miliaria" "tituli operum"
##
## [[5]]
## [1] "miliaria" "tituli honorarii"
##
## [[6]]
## [1] "miliaria" "tituli honorarii" "tituli sacri"
##
## [[7]]
## [1] "miliaria" "reges"
##
## [[8]]
## [1] "leges" "miliaria"
##
## [[9]]
## [1] "inscriptiones christianae" "miliaria"
##
## [[10]]
## [1] "diplomata militaria" "miliaria" "tituli sacri"
##
## [[11]]
## [1] "tituli honorarii" "miliaria"
##
## [[12]]
## [1] "miliaria" "reges" "tituli operum"
##
## [[13]]
## [1] "miliaria" "tituli sepulcrales"3.4 Language
What language were written the inscriptions belonging to the discussed group of milestones? NA == Latin
unnest_auto(milestone_EDCS, language) %>%
count(language, sort=TRUE)## Using `unnest_longer(language)`; no element has names3.5 Material
What different types of material is represented in the discussed group of milestones?
milestone_EDCS %>%
count(Material, sort=T)4 Text exploration
library(tidytext)
milestone_EDCS_text<- milestone_EDCS %>%
unnest_tokens(word, clean_text_interpretive_word)4.1 How many words total
nrow(milestone_EDCS_text)## [1] 1201354.2 The most common words
milestone_EDCS_text %>%
count(word, sort=T)4.3 N-grams
4.3.1 Bigram
milestone_EDCS_bigram<- milestone_EDCS %>%
unnest_tokens(output = bigram, input = clean_text_interpretive_word, drop = FALSE, token = "ngrams", n = 2, collapse = FALSE)milestone_EDCS_bigram %>%
count(bigram, sort=T)4.3.2 Trigram
milestone_EDCS_trigram<- milestone_EDCS %>%
unnest_tokens(output = bigram, input = clean_text_interpretive_word, drop = FALSE, token = "ngrams", n = 3, collapse = FALSE, to_lower = FALSE)
milestone_EDCS_trigram %>%
count(bigram, sort=T)4.4 Detect all Latin numerals
library(googlesheets4)
gs4_deauth() # de-uthorized mode, no need of authentication token (if the spreadsheet is public)
numerals<- read_sheet("https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1RKRNMlSjB3yF3FHXPLhGfnLJis63300R9x65BdAKa8o/edit?usp=sharing", sheet = "Numerals")## Reading from "Numerals_translations"## Range "'Numerals'"numeralsLatin numerals on milestones:
milestone_EDCS_text %>%
filter(word %in% numerals$Latin_num) %>%
count(word, sort = T)Greek numerals on milestones:
milestone_EDCS_text %>%
filter(word %in% numerals$Greek_num) %>%
count(word, sort = T)4.4.1 Detecting distance in Roman miles
distances<- as.data.frame(str_extract(milestone_EDCS$clean_text_interpretive_word, "(?<=milia passuum ).+"))
distances <- distances %>%
rename(extracted = `str_extract(milestone_EDCS$clean_text_interpretive_word, "(?<=milia passuum ).+")`)
unique(distances$extracted)## [1] "III Imperatori Caesari Marco Aurelio Probo Pio Felici Augusto milia passuum III"
## [2] "III VIAN ope STIRP NAPOVI procuratoris Augusti"
## [3] NA
## [4] "I Liberatori orbis Romani restitutori libertatis et rei publice conservatori militum et provincialium domino nostro Magnentio Invicto principi victori et triumfatori semper Augusto"
## [5] "I"
## [6] "XLIV"
## [7] "III"
## [8] "IV"
## [9] "VII"
## [10] "XXXXV"
## [11] "V"
## [12] "VI"
## [13] "XXII"
## [14] "XLVII"
## [15] "XXXVIIII"
## [16] "XIIII"
## [17] "XXX"
## [18] "II"
## [19] "LIII"
## [20] "numero LVII"
## [21] "X"
## [22] "XVII"
## [23] "XVI DDDominis nnnostris FFFlavis Valentiniano Valent et Gratiano semper Augggustis bono rei publicae natis"
## [24] "XV"
## [25] "XX"
## [26] "XXI"
## [27] "XXV"
## [28] "XIII"
## [29] "IX"
## [30] "XXXI"
## [31] "VIII"
## [32] "CLXXXII"
## [33] "XXVI"
## [34] "XCIII"
## [35] "XXIII"
## [36] "CXCVIII Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Pius Felix Augustus Parthicus maximus Britannicus maximus pontifex maximus tribunicia potestate XVII imperator III consul IIII pater patriae proconsul per Furnium Iulianum legatum pro praetore consulem designatum"
## [37] "XII Imperatori Caesari Caio Valerio Diocletiano Pio Felici Invicto Augusto et Imperatori Caesari Valerio Maximiano Pio Felici Invicto Augusto"
## [38] "CLXXI"
## [39] "XV Imperator Caesar Publius Helvius Pertinax Augustus princeps senatus consul II pontifex maximus tribunicia potestate pater patriae et Caesar Publius Helvius Pertinax filius princeps iuventutis per Publium Aelium Severianum Maximum legatum Augusti pro praetorem milia passuum XV Imperatori Caesari Gaio Aurelio Valerio Diocletiano Imperator Caesar ius consul oro orum milia passuum XV"
## [40] "XV Imperatori Caesari Gaio Aurelio Valerio Diocletiano Invicto Augusto et Imperatori Caesari Marco Aurelio ValerioMaximiano Pio Felici Invicto Augusto et Flavio Valerio Constantio et Galerio Valerio Maximiano nobilissimis Caesaribus"
## [41] "XVI IS Imperatori Caesari Caio Aurelio Valerio Diocletiano Pio Felici Invicto Augusto et Imperatori Caesari Marco Aurelio Valerio Maximiano Pio Felici Invicto Augusto milia passuum XVI"
## [42] "XVI"
## [43] "XIX"
## [44] "IIII"
## [45] "XIII T"
## [46] "XXXII"
## [47] "XXXII s ius l es s o"
## [48] "LXXX"
## [49] "LXXXX"
## [50] "XLV"
## [51] "XII"
## [52] "CVIII"
## [53] "DDDDominis nnnnostris Flavio Valerio Constantino Augusto et Flavio Constantino et Flavio Constantio et Flavio Constanti nobbilissimis Caessaribus Imperatori M M PP"
## [54] "CVI ITRIO DDDDominis nnnnostris Flavio Valerio Constantino"
## [55] "maximo ac t Augusto milia"
## [56] "VI DDominorum nnostrorum Constantini maximi Victoris triumfatoris semper Augusti et Constantini et Constanti et Constantis nobbilissimorum Caessarum milia VI DDominis nnostris Flavio Valentiniano et Flavio Valenti Victorriosissimis semper Auggustis"
## [57] "III IN RA RI seper Augusto milia III"
## [58] "XI"
## [59] "XXXVII"
## [60] "XVIIII"
## [61] "VI Bono rei publicae natus"
## [62] "mille passus"
## [63] "Aurelius Priscianus vir perfectissimus praeses provinciae Ponti devotus numini maiestati que eorum"
## [64] "XXXXV Aurelius Priscianus vir perfectissimus praeses provinciae Ponti devotus numini maiestati que eorum"
## [65] "XX Imperatori Caesari Valerio Maximiano Pio Felici Invicto Augusto et Imperatori Caesari Flavio Valerio Severo Pio Felici Invicto Augusto et Galerio Valerio Maximino et Flavio Valerio Constantino nobbilissimis Caessaribus"
## [66] "Impperatoribus Caessaribus Galerio Valerio Maximiano Pio Felici Invicto Augusto et Valerio Licinio Licinio Pio Felici Invicto Augusto et Galerio Valerio Maximino et Flavio Constantino fillii Augustorum Flavius Severus vir perfectissimus praeses provinciae Diosponti"
## [67] "VIII Aurelius Priscianus vir perfectissimus praeses provinciae Ponti devotus numini maiestati que eorum Imperatoribus Caesaribus Flavio Constantino Pio Felici maximo victori semper Augusto et Flavio Claudio Constantino et Flavio Iulio Constantio et Flavio Iulio Constanti nobbilissimis Caessaribus"
## [68] "XXXIII N PB Aurelius Priscianus vir perfectissimus praeses provinciae Ponti devotus numini maiestati que eorum"
## [69] "XXXVIIII Aurelius Priscianus vir perfectissimus praeses provinciae Ponti devotus numini maiestati que eorum et Flavio Claudio Constantino et Flavio Iulio Constantio et Flavio Iulio Constanti nobilissimis Caessaribus Flavius Iulius Leontius vir perfectissimus praeses provinciae Helenoponti devotus numini maiestati que eorum"
## [70] "Amasenorum milia passuum LXXV"
## [71] "XXXI Bona Fortuna Imperatori Caesari Flavio Constantino Pio Felici maximo victori semper Augusto et Flavio Claudio Constantino et Flavio Iulio Constanti nobilissimis Caessaribus Flavius Iulius Leontius vir perfectissimus praeses provinciae Helenoponti devotus numini maiestati que eorum milia passuum XXXI"
## [72] "XXXXII"
## [73] "restituit II"
## [74] "Aurelius Priscianus vir perfectissimus praeses provinciae Ponti devotus numini maiestati que eorum Imperatori Caesari Constantino Pio Felici Invicto semper Augusto et Flavio Claudio Constantino et Flavio Iulio Constantio et Flavio Iulio Constanti Flavius Leontius praeses"
## [75] "LII"
## [76] "XXXXI"
## [77] "XXXXV Imperatori Caesari divi Traiani Parthici filio divi Nervae nepoti Traiano Hadriano Augusto pontifici maximo tribunicia potestate XIII consuli III patri patriae milia passuum XXXXV"
## [78] "CIIII"
## [79] "Amasenorum"
## [80] "CLVII"
## [81] "LXXVI"
## [82] "II curante Aelio Quintiano viro perfectissimo praeside provinciae Ponti"
## [83] "XXXVI"
## [84] "XXXXVII"
## [85] "II MA imperator X consul pater patriae"
## [86] "V Imperatore Caesare Marco Aurelio Antonino Augusto"
## [87] "LXV"
## [88] "XXXIIII"
## [89] "CLVI munit et idem viam ad Bathinum flumen quod dividit Breucos Oseriatibus a Salonis munit per milia passuum CLVIII viam munit ad imum montem Ditionum Ulcirum per milia passuum a Salonis LXXVIID Publio Dolabella legato pro praetore"
## [90] "XXXIIII XXXIIII"
## [91] "XI DDDominis nnnostris Flavio Valenti et Flavio Gratiano et Flavio Valentiniano pperpetui maximis semper Augustis"
## [92] "VIII Bona Fortuna domino nostro Imperatori Caesari Lucio Domitio Aureliano Pio Felici Invicto Augusto VIII"
## [93] "XVIIII Imperatori Caesari Caio Aurelio Valerio Diocletiano Pio Felici Invicto Augusto et Imperatori Caesari Marco Aurelio Valerio Maximiano Pio Felici Invicto Augusto et Flavio Valerio Constantio et Galerio Valerio Maximiano nobilissimis Caesaribus Bona Fortuna Imperatori Caesari Flavio Valerio Constantino Pio Felici Invicto Augusto et Imperatori Caesari Valerio Licinio Pio Felici Invicto Augusto milia VIIII Flavio Iuliano Maximo victori ac triumfatori semper Augusto"
## [94] "XVIII"
## [95] "XXVII"
## [96] "XXXVIII Aurelius Priscianus vir perfectissimus praeses provinciae Ponti devotus Numini maiestati que eorum"
## [97] "VIII Imperatori Caesari Caio Aurelio Valerio Diocletiano Pio Felici Invicto Augusto et Imperatori Caesari Marco Aurelio Valerio Maximiano Pio Felici Invicto Augusto et Flavio Valerio Constantio et Galerio Valerio Maximiano nobilissimis Caesaribus"
## [98] "XVIII DDDominis nnnostris Constantino Pio Felici Invicto Augusto et Flavio Iulio Crispo Flavio Caudio Constantino nobbilissimis Caessaribus Imperator Caesar divi Traiani filius divi Nervae nepos Traianus Hadrianus Augustus pontifex maximus tribunicia potestate XII consul III pater patriae XXIX"
## [99] "XXIIX"
## [100] "XXIIX Flavio Ioviano perpetuo Augusto"
## [101] "L"
## [102] "LVII"
## [103] "SARA DDDominis nnnostris Flavio Valenti et Flavio Gratiano et Flavio Valentiniano perpetuis ac victoriosissimis seper Augggustis"
## [104] "XXXV"
## [105] "XXVIIII et Gratiano perpetuis Auggustis"
## [106] "XXXI Imperatori Caesari Liciniano Licinio milia passuum XXXI"
## [107] "XXXIII"
## [108] "VIIII DDominis nnostris Imperatoribus Caesaribus A O natis Augustis bono rei publicae milia passuum VIIII DDDomini nnnostri Flavius Valentinianus et Flavius Theodosius et Flavius Arcadius Augusti bono rei publicae natus milia passuum VIIII Flavius Dalmatius VIIII"
## [109] "XV Domino nostro Flavio Iulio Dalmatio nobilissimo Caesari XV Imperator Caesar Caius Iulius Verus Maximinus Pius Felix Invictus Augustus pontifex maximus tribunicia potestate consul II pater patriae proconsul restituit"
## [110] "IIIXX"
## [111] "XXX Valentinianus dominus noster semper Augustus bono rei publicae natus"
## [112] "VIIII"
## [113] "XVI Dmino ostro Flavio Constanti beatissimo Caesari milia passuum XVI"
## [114] "XXXIV milia passuum XXVI"
## [115] "XIV"
## [116] "XXXIX"
## [117] "LIX"
## [118] "CXX"
## [119] "LVI"
## [120] "ILX"
## [121] "XXVIIII"
## [122] "XXXXIIX"
## [123] "XXXVIII"
## [124] "LXXXV"
## [125] "LXXXVIII"
## [126] "LXVII"
## [127] "XCIV"
## [128] "pecunia sua restituit"
## [129] "CCLXXX"
## [130] "LXVI"
## [131] "LI"
## [132] "CCLV"
## [133] "CCXCIIX"
## [134] "CCXV"
## [135] "XLIII"
## [136] "CLX"
## [137] "VI Herennio Etrusco Messio nobilissimo Caesare"
## [138] "CCXXX"
## [139] "CCXXXI"
## [140] "C"
## [141] "CCXLIIII"
## [142] "CCLXX"
## [143] "CX"
## [144] "XXXXVIII"
## [145] "CCLXXXIX ab milia passuum CLXIX ab milia passuum VII"
## [146] "CLVIII"
## [147] "XXIIII"
## [148] "XLII"
## [149] "LXXXXV"
## [150] "CIII"
## [151] "LXXXXVI"
## [152] "XXVIII"
## [153] "LXV Tiberius Caesar divi Augusti filius divi Iuli nepos Augustus pontifex maxmus consul V imperator VIII tribunicia potestate XXXIIII milia passuum LXV"
## [154] "VI IMI"
## [155] "LXXII"
## [156] "XXIX"
## [157] "LVIII"
## [158] "LXIV Imperatori Caesari Marco Aurelio Carino"
## [159] "DX restituit impensa sua"
## [160] "XXI sua pecunia fecit LXXI"
## [161] "XX Autessioduro II Intaranum ab milia passuum XX Autessioduro sic Odouna Intaranum XX Intaranum V Andemantunnum Lingonum milia passuum C Tullum Leucorum V Solimariaca"
## [162] "LXXII Vosago monte"
## [163] "I restituit"
## [164] "IIII Imperator Caesar Flavius Valerius Constantinus Pius Invictus Augustus milia passuum VIIII"
## [165] "CCCLXI"
## [166] "XXVII Domini nostri Iuliani «IovBiani» victoris ac triumfatoris semper Augusti"
## [167] "IIII PNOR I II"
## [168] "III Dominis nostris Diocletiano et Maximiano Senioribus Auggustis Constantio et Maximiano Impperatoribus et Severo et Maximiano nobbilissimis Caessaribus"
## [169] "XX curante Quinto Munatio Celso viro egregio procuratore Augusti nostri"
## [170] "XIX curante Quinto Munatio Celso viro egregio procuratore Augusti nostri"
## [171] "XXVIIII Sig milia passuum XXXVIII"
## [172] "XXII Domino nostro Imperatori Lucio Domitio Alexandro Invicto Pio Felici Augusto"
## [173] "VII DDominis nnostris PA proconsuli VII"
## [174] "Lambdienses"
## [175] "XXII milia passuum XXII milia"
## [176] "XXII semper Auggustis milia passuum et Gratiano perpetuis Augggustis"
## [177] "Domino nostro Flavio Claudio Iuliano perpetuo semper Augusto"
## [178] "DDominis nnostris Flavio Valentiniano et Flavio Valentino Caesaribus"
## [179] "IIII DDDominis nnnostris Imppperatoribus Constantino et Maximino et Liciniano Licinio Augggustis nnnostris res publica colonia Sitifensis milia passuum IIII DDDominis nnnostris Imppperatoribus Constantino et ddominis nnostris Constantio et Constanti Auggustis res publica colonia Sitifensis milia passuum IIII"
## [180] "XII Altava milia passuum XVIII"
## [181] "I bono rei publicae nato"
## [182] "IIIIII"
## [183] "XXXIDCCCCX Auzia milia passuum XVIICC"
## [184] "I milia passuum IIII"
## [185] "I milia passuum V"
## [186] "III PRO"
## [187] "II Imperatori Caesari Flavio Iuliano semper Augusto"
## [188] "I A"
## [189] "V Domino nostro Imperatori Flavio Iuliano semper Dominis nnostris Imperatoribus Valentiniano et Valenti semper Auggustis perpetuis"
## [190] "XXXX"
## [191] "I LXIIII"
## [192] "III AVRCA AN O O SEVE O REI SE IN ET OBB AR IV A L milia passuum"
## [193] "CC"
## [194] "XXXVI Imperatori Caesari Lucio Septimio Severo Pio Pertinaci Augusto Arabico Adiabenico Parthico Britannico pontifici maximo tribunicia potestate III imperatori VII consuli II patri patriae proconsuli et Imperatori Caesari Marco Aurelio Antonino Pio Felici Augusto Parthico Britannico maximo Germanico maximo tribunicia potestate XIII imperatori IIII consuli IIII patri patriae proconsuli fortissimo principi domino indulgentissimo XXXVI ECR NDI Felicissimo principi I MPPI IVI ONO"
## [195] "XIII BYN BI MP"
## [196] "XLVI"
## [197] "VIIII DDominis nnostris Flavio Constantino Pio Felici Maximo victori semper Augusto bono generis humani nato Crispo et Constantino beatissimis Caesaribus a Iuvavo milia passuum VIIII"
## [198] "XL"
## [199] "LIIII"
## [200] "IIXXX"
## [201] "VI NO VII G X"
## [202] "XLI"
## [203] "V Domino nostro Ioviano triumfatori semper Augusto"
## [204] "Hipponi Regio milia passuum Cirtae milia passuum L Lambaese milia passuum Theveste milia passuum"
## [205] "res publica X"
## [206] "res publica coloniae Thamugadis"
## [207] "LVIIII"
## [208] "XIIIIIIIX"
## [209] "VX"
## [210] "res publica coloniae Thamugadis I"
## [211] "I N"
## [212] "IIIIX"
## [213] "III Imperatoribus Caesaribus fratribus Gaio Valerio Diocletiano et Marco Aurelio Valerio Maximiano Piis Felicibus Invictis Augustis"
## [214] "IIX"
## [215] "CVII"
## [216] "LV"
## [217] "CXIII"
## [218] "CXXXVII"
## [219] "VI DDominis nnostris Flavio Valerio Constantio et Galerio Valerio Maximiano nobilissimis Caesaribus DDominis nnostris Constanti"
## [220] "LXIII"
## [221] "XLVIII"
## [222] "CCXXV"
## [223] "CCVIIII"
## [224] "CL"
## [225] "LXXIII"
## [226] "XCVII"
## [227] "CXVII"
## [228] "N PI Imperatori Caesari Marco Aurelio Antonino Augusto Pio Felici Malata Cussum milia passuum XVI"
## [229] "VII s coniugi NO E P TP E"
## [230] "IIII B O Caesari CO"
## [231] "LXXVIIII"
## [232] "CII"
## [233] "et Cai Iuli Veri Maximi nobilissimi Caesaris a Siscia XXX"
## [234] "ab Emona"
## [235] "XXXXIIII"
## [236] "DCLXXV"
## [237] "XXXV Aurelius Priscianus vir perfectissimus praeses provinciae Ponti devotus numini maiestati que eorum DDDominis nnnostris Flavio Valerio Crispo et Valerio Constantino Licinio et Flavio Constantino nobbbilissimis Caesssaribus Imperatori Caesari Flavio Valerio Constantino maximo victori ac triumfatori semper Augusto et Flavio Claudio Constantino et Flavio Iulio Constantio et Flavio Iulio Constant et Flavio Delmatio nnnnobbbbilissimis Caessssaribus Impperatoribus Caessaribus ddominis nnostris Flavio Valentiniano et Flavio Valente et Gratiano perpetuis Augggustis Domino nostro Flavio Honorio perpetuo Augusto"
## [238] "VI transita a solo coposita curante Aelio Quintiano viro perfectissimo praeside provinciae Ponti"
## [239] "LV DDominis nnostris Imperatori Caesari Caio Aurelio Valerio Diocletiano Pio Felici Invicto Augusto et Imperatori Caesari Marco Aurelio Valerio Maximiano Pio Felici Invicto Augusto et Flavio Valerio Constantio et Galerio Valerio Maximiano nobillissimis Caessaribus milia passuum LV"
## [240] "curante Aelio Quintiano viro perfectissimo praeside provinciae Ponti"
## [241] "E"
## [242] "I Aurelius Priscianus vir perfectissimus praeses provinciae Ponti devotus numini maiestati que eorum"
## [243] "a Legione milia passuum"
## [244] "LX"
## [245] "XXXX a legione milia passuum LVI"
## [246] "CXXX"
## [247] "C X"
## [248] "LXI"
## [249] "LXII a legione milia passuum XXXIIII"
## [250] "CXVI"
## [251] "LXXXIIII"
## [252] "XLV a legione milia passuum LI"
## [253] "XLIIII a legione milia passuum LIII"
## [254] "CCCL"
## [255] "CXII"
## [256] "CXXXV"
## [257] "XCIIX"
## [258] "CLXXXVIII"
## [259] "Imperator Caesar R C pontifex maximus consul designatus imperator I proconsul iam quae ducit Karalibus Turres vetustate corruptam restituit curante provinciae Sardiniae procuratore suo"
## [260] "I Molaria"
## [261] "XIIII curante Iulio Saturnino legato Augusti pecunia publica Imperator Caesar Lucius Septimius Severus Pertinax Augustus pontifex maximus tribunicia potestate imperator IIII consul II pater patriae vias et miliaria per Manilium Fuscum legatum Augusti pro praetore praesidem provinciae Syriae Phoenices renovavit XIIII"
## [262] "CCXXXIIII Tyrum XXXXVII Caio Ummidio Durmio Quadrato legato pro praetore Imperator Caesar Vespasianus Augustus pontifex maximus tribunicia potestate III pater patriae consul IIII curante Lucio Caesennio Paeto legato Augusti pro praetore CCXXXIIII"
## [263] "Imperator Caesar Vespasianus Augustus DDDDominis nnnnostris Flavio alerio Constantino maximo victori ac triumfatori semper Augusto Flavio Claudio Constantino et Flavio Iulio Constantio et Flavio Iulio Constant nobbbilissimis Caesssaribus"
## [264] "IV Imperatori Caesari Lucio Septimio Severo Pio Pertinaci Augusto Arabico Adiabenico Parthico maximo tribunicia potestate IIII consuli II et Marco Aurelio Antonino Augusto filio eius et Publio Septimio Getae"
## [265] "VII Imperatoribus Lucio Septimio Severo Pertinaci Augusto Arabico Adiabenico Parthico maximo pontifici maximo tribunicia potestate consuli III et Marco Aurelio Antonino filio eius et Publio Septimio Getae filio Britannico Augggustis es campos nt um I m legatum Augggustorum pro praetore"
## [266] "XXX Heliopolis"
## [267] "CXI"
## [268] "VIII DDominis nnostris Impperatoribus Constantino maximo et Valerio Liciniano Licinio semper Auggustis et Flavio Iulio Crispo et Valerio Liciniano Licinio Iuniori et Flavio Claudio Constantino nobbilissimis Caessaribus milia passuum VIII"
## [269] "Pro salute domini nostri Claudi Iuliani perpetui semper Augusti II Domino nostro Magno Maxim et Flavio Victori semper Augustis bono rei publicae natis"
## [270] "DDDominis nnnostris Valentiniano Thedosio et Arcadio semper Augggustis"
## [271] "XI DDomini nnostri Iulius Crispus et Licinianus Licinius et Claudius Constantinus nobbilissimi Caessares milia passuum XI"
## [272] "IV C O nobilissimo Caesari milia passuum VI"4.5 Building a stopword list
stopwords<- c("et", "a", "ab", "ad", "per", "ac", "in", "καὶ", "τὸ", "ἀπὸ", "ἡ")5 Spatial exploration
5.1 Ancient findspot
What kind of information do we have about ancient findspot of a milestone? Let’s see first 20 records.
milestone_EDCS$place[1:20]## [1] "Alea / Tegea"
## [2] "Karioti / Thesprotia"
## [3] "Maurogeia / Mavrogia"
## [4] "Vrachnaiika / Vrachneika"
## [5] "Ypsilantis / Ipsilantis"
## [6] "?"
## [7] "Abu Sha|ar"
## [8] "Abu Tarfa / Abutarfa"
## [9] "Deir Wadi Umm Hussein / Wadi Umm Husayn / Gebel Fatireh / Mons Claudianus"
## [10] "Kalabsha / Kelabsche / Talmis"
## [11] "Qift / Qaft / Qeft / Quft / Kuft / Koptos / Coptus"
## [12] "Borgo Panigale"
## [13] "Brisighella"
## [14] "Campiano / Ravenna"
## [15] "Campiano / Ravenna"
## [16] "Campogalliano / Mutina"
## [17] "Casteggio / Clastidium"
## [18] "Castel San Pietro Terme"
## [19] "Castel San Pietro Terme"
## [20] "Castel San Pietro Terme"How many different ancient findspots do we have, including “NULL”?
length(unique(milestone_EDCS$place))## [1] 32485.2 Distribution by Roman provinces
How many milestones were found in individual Roman provinces? Display from the province containing the most to least milestones.
milestone_EDCS %>%
count(province, sort =TRUE)Display all the provinces and milestones in a chart:
milestone_EDCS %>%
count(province) %>%
ggplot(aes(y=fct_rev(province), x=n)) +
geom_point(color="red") +
#coord_fixed(ratio = 7/1) +
labs(x = "Number of milestones", y = "Roman province", title = "Number of milestones per Roman Province", subtitle = ggtitle(paste("n =", nrow(milestone_EDCS)), "inscriptions")) +
theme_linedraw(base_size = 12)
5.3 Map of all milestones (with available coordinates)
milestone_EDCS# milestones with no coordinates
milestone_EDCS_nocoord<- milestone_EDCS %>%
dplyr::filter(is.na(Latitude) | is.na(Longitude))
# milestones with coordinates
milestone_EDCS_coord<- milestone_EDCS %>%
dplyr::filter(!is.na(Latitude) | !is.na(Longitude))
milestone_EDCS_coord$Latitude <- as.numeric(milestone_EDCS_coord$Latitude)
milestone_EDCS_coord$Longitude <- as.numeric(milestone_EDCS_coord$Longitude)5.3.1 How many milestones have spatial coordinates
nrow(milestone_EDCS_coord)## [1] 7359nrow(milestone_EDCS_coord)/(nrow(milestone_EDCS)/100)## [1] 92.137225.4 Milestones as dots
map_milestones_EDCS <-leaflet(width="100%") %>%
addProviderTiles("Stamen.Watercolor")%>% # Add CartoDB map tiles
addCircles(lng = milestone_EDCS_coord$Longitude,
lat = milestone_EDCS_coord$Latitude, radius = 10, fill = TRUE, color= , fillColor = milestone_EDCS_coord$Material,
popup = paste0("<b> InscriptionID: </b>", milestone_EDCS_coord$`EDCS-ID`,
"<br><b> Ancient findspot: </b>", milestone_EDCS_coord$place,
"<br><b> Type of inscription: </b>", milestone_EDCS_coord$inscr_type,
"<br><b> Material: </b>", milestone_EDCS_coord$Material,
"<br><b> Not before (date): </b>", milestone_EDCS_coord$start_yr,
"<br><b> Not after (date): </b>", milestone_EDCS_coord$end_yr_1,
"<br><b> Commentary: </b>", milestone_EDCS_coord$Comment),
) %>%
addLegend(position = "topright",
colors = c("Blue"),
labels = c("Milestones"), opacity = 1,
title = "Position of all milestones (EDCS)"
)## Warning in validateCoords(lng, lat, funcName): Data contains 1 rows with either
## missing or invalid lat/lon values and will be ignoredmap_milestones_EDCS5.5 Clustering of milestones
map_milestones_EDCS_cluster <-leaflet(width="100%") %>%
#addProviderTiles("Esri.WorldTopoMap", group = "Topo") %>%
addProviderTiles("Esri.WorldImagery", group = "ESRI Aerial") %>%
addMarkers(lng = milestone_EDCS_coord$Longitude,
lat = milestone_EDCS_coord$Latitude,
popup = paste0("<b> InscriptionID: </b>", milestone_EDCS_coord$`EDCS-ID`,
"<br><b> Ancient findspot: </b>", milestone_EDCS_coord$place,
"<br><b> Type of inscription: </b>", milestone_EDCS_coord$inscr_type,
"<br><b> Material: </b>", milestone_EDCS_coord$Material,
"<br><b> Not before (date): </b>", milestone_EDCS_coord$start_yr,
"<br><b> Not after (date): </b>", milestone_EDCS_coord$end_yr_1,
"<br><b> Commentary: </b>", milestone_EDCS_coord$Comment),
clusterOptions = markerClusterOptions()
) %>%
addLegend(position = "topright",
colors = c("Blue", "Green", "Yellow", "Orange"),
labels = c("Individual inscription", "Small cluster", "Medium cluster", "Large cluster"), opacity = 1,
title = "Clustering of all milestones in the EDCS dataset"
)## Warning in validateCoords(lng, lat, funcName): Data contains 1 rows with either
## missing or invalid lat/lon values and will be ignoredmap_milestones_EDCS_cluster5.6 Milestones and Roman provinces (200 AD)
## Loading required package: sp## rgdal: version: 1.5-19, (SVN revision 1092)
## Geospatial Data Abstraction Library extensions to R successfully loaded
## Loaded GDAL runtime: GDAL 3.0.4, released 2020/01/28
## Path to GDAL shared files: /usr/share/gdal
## GDAL binary built with GEOS: TRUE
## Loaded PROJ runtime: Rel. 7.0.0, March 1st, 2020, [PJ_VERSION: 700]
## Path to PROJ shared files: /home/petra/.local/share/proj:/usr/share/proj
## PROJ CDN enabled: FALSE
## Linking to sp version:1.4-2
## To mute warnings of possible GDAL/OSR exportToProj4() degradation,
## use options("rgdal_show_exportToProj4_warnings"="none") before loading rgdal.##
## Attaching package: 'raster'## The following object is masked from 'package:dplyr':
##
## select## The following object is masked from 'package:tidyr':
##
## extract## Linking to GEOS 3.8.0, GDAL 3.0.4, PROJ 7.0.0Source of Roads shapefile: http://awmc.unc.edu/awmc/map_data/shapefiles/ba_roads/ Source of Roman provinces (AD 200): http://awmc.unc.edu/awmc/map_data/shapefiles/cultural_data/political_shading/roman_empire_ad_200/shape/
## Warning in dir.create("../data/ba_roads"): '../data/ba_roads' already exists## Warning in unzip("../data/ba_roads.zip", exdir = "../data/ba_roads/"): error 1
## in extracting from zip file## Warning in dir.create("../data/roman_empire_200_ad_provinces"): '../data/
## roman_empire_200_ad_provinces' already exists## Warning in unzip("../data/roman_empire_ad_200_provinces.zip", exdir = "../data/
## roman_empire_200_ad_provinces"): error 1 in extracting from zip file## Reading layer `ba_roads' from data source `/home/petra/Github/epigraphic_roads/data/ba_roads/ba_roads.shp' using driver `ESRI Shapefile'
## replacing null geometries with empty geometries
## Simple feature collection with 2739 features and 26 fields (with 1 geometry empty)
## geometry type: LINESTRING
## dimension: XY
## bbox: xmin: -9.29586 ymin: 23.90006 xmax: 52.88473 ymax: 56.52055
## geographic CRS: WGS 84## Reading layer `roman_empire_ad_200_provinces' from data source `/home/petra/Github/epigraphic_roads/data/roman_empire_200_ad_provinces/roman_empire_ad_200_provinces.shp' using driver `ESRI Shapefile'
## replacing null geometries with empty geometries
## Simple feature collection with 81 features and 11 fields (with 1 geometry empty)
## geometry type: LINESTRING
## dimension: XY
## bbox: xmin: NA ymin: NA xmax: NA ymax: NA
## geographic CRS: WGS 84map_milestones_EDCS_provinces<- leaflet(width="100%") %>%
#addProviderTiles("Esri.WorldTopoMap", group = "Topo") %>%
addProviderTiles("Esri.WorldImagery", group = "ESRI Aerial") %>%
#addProviderTiles("Stamen.Watercolor")%>% # Add CartoDB map tiles
addPolylines(data = provinces200, color = "red", weight = 2, opacity = 0.7) %>%
addCircles(lng = milestone_EDCS_coord$Longitude,
lat = milestone_EDCS_coord$Latitude, radius = 10, fill = TRUE, color = "blue" , fillColor = "red",
popup = paste0("<b> InscriptionID: </b>", milestone_EDCS_coord$`EDCS-ID`,
"<br><b> Ancient findspot: </b>", milestone_EDCS_coord$place,
"<br><b> Type of inscription: </b>", milestone_EDCS_coord$inscr_type,
"<br><b> Material: </b>", milestone_EDCS_coord$Material,
"<br><b> Not before (date): </b>", milestone_EDCS_coord$start_yr,
"<br><b> Not after (date): </b>", milestone_EDCS_coord$end_yr_1,
"<br><b> Commentary: </b>", milestone_EDCS_coord$Comment),
) %>%
addLegend(position = "topright",
colors = c("Blue", "Red"),
labels = c("Milestones", "Roman Provinces (200 AD)"), opacity = 1,
title = "Milestones in the Roman Empire"
)## Warning in validateCoords(lng, lat, funcName): Data contains 1 rows with either
## missing or invalid lat/lon values and will be ignoredmap_milestones_EDCS_provinces5.7 Milestones and Roman roads
map_milestones_EDCS_roads<- leaflet(width="100%") %>%
addProviderTiles("Stamen.Watercolor")%>% # Add CartoDB map tiles
addProviderTiles("Stamen.TerrainBackground")%>% # Add CartoDB map tiles
#addProviderTiles("Esri.WorldTopoMap", group = "Topo") %>%
#addProviderTiles("Esri.WorldImagery", group = "ESRI Aerial") %>%
setView( lng = 22.326743, lat = 46.897122, zoom = 4 ) %>%
#setMaxBounds(lat1=43.633977, lng1 =-11.227926 , lat2=35.133882 , lng2=50.882336) %>%
addPolylines(data = roads, color = "purple", weight = 1, opacity = 0.7) %>%
addCircles(lng = milestone_EDCS_coord$Longitude,
lat = milestone_EDCS_coord$Latitude, opacity = 0.5, radius = 10, fill = TRUE, color = "blue" , fillColor = "red",
popup = paste0("<b> InscriptionID: </b>", milestone_EDCS_coord$`EDCS-ID`,
"<br><b> Ancient findspot: </b>", milestone_EDCS_coord$place,
"<br><b> Type of inscription: </b>", milestone_EDCS_coord$inscr_type,
"<br><b> Material: </b>", milestone_EDCS_coord$Material,
"<br><b> Not before (date): </b>", milestone_EDCS_coord$start_yr,
"<br><b> Not after (date): </b>", milestone_EDCS_coord$end_yr_1,
"<br><b> Commentary: </b>", milestone_EDCS_coord$Comment),
) %>%
addLegend(position = "topright",
colors = c("Blue", "Purple"),
labels = c("Milestones", "Roman roads (BA atlas)"), opacity = 1,
title = "Milestones and Roman roads"
)## Warning in validateCoords(lng, lat, funcName): Data contains 1 rows with either
## missing or invalid lat/lon values and will be ignoredmap_milestones_EDCS_roads5.8 Location of milestones compared with all inscriptions
# inscriptions with coordinates
EDCS_tibble$Latitude <- as.numeric(EDCS_tibble$Latitude)
EDCS_tibble$Longitude <- as.numeric(EDCS_tibble$Longitude)# how many inscriptions of the entire dataset have no coordinates
EDCS_no_coords<- EDCS_tibble %>%
filter(is.na(EDCS_tibble$Latitude & is.na(EDCS_tibble$Longitude)))
EDCS_no_coords